Update README.md

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20.0)
 
 set(BOARD nucleo_g474re)
 find_package(Zephyr REQUIRED)
-project(app)
+project(audio_analysis)
 
-target_sources(app PRIVATE src/main.c)
+target_sources(app PRIVATE
+  src/main.c
+  src/audio_capture.c
+  src/audio_process.c
+  src/audio_output.c
+)

Kconfig

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-mainmenu "First App"
+mainmenu "Audio App"
 
 # Your application configuration options go here
 

README.md

@@ -1,64 +1,127 @@
-# Zephyr UART + LED - Nucleo G474RE
+# Audio Analysis on Zephyr - Nucleo G474RE
 
-A learning project for [Zephyr RTOS](https://zephyrproject.org/) targeting the **STM32 Nucleo G474RE** dev board! I have always seen Zephyr projects in the wild and want to document my learning process. I've used FreeRTOS in the past and want to rewrite some projects using Zephyr 🙂
+A project I built to learn Zephyr RTOS by doing something more involved than blinking an LED. It samples audio via ADC at 44.1 kHz using hardware timer triggering and DMA, runs a real-time FFT with CMSIS-DSP, and streams results over UART to a Python live plotter.
 
-----
+I've used FreeRTOS before and wanted to understand how Zephyr handles devicetree, Kconfig, and the kernel primitives. This project ended up touching all of those plus direct STM32 LL/HAL register work, which was a good way to see where Zephyr's abstractions end and the hardware begins.
+
+---
 
 ## Hardware
 
 | | |
 |---|---|
 | **Board** | ST Nucleo G474RE |
-| **MCU** | STM32G474RE (ARM Cortex-M4F, 170 MHz) |
+| **MCU** | STM32G474RE (Cortex-M4F, 170 MHz, FPU) |
-| **UART** | LPUART1 via onboard ST-Link VCP (PA2/PA3) |
+| **Audio Input** | Analog signal on PA0 (Arduino A0) |
-| **LED** | LD2 on PA5 |
+| **Console** | LPUART1 via onboard ST-Link VCP (PA2/PA3) |
+| **ADC Trigger** | TIM6 TRGO at 44,098.6 Hz |
 
-Connect via USB to the Nucleo's ST-Link port
+For testing I used a waveform generator feeding a sine wave into PA0. Any 0-3.3V analog source works.
 
-----
+---
 
-## Features
+## How It Works
 
-- **Interrupt-driven UART RX** - ISR writes bytes into a ring buffer
+TIM6 overflows at ~44.1 kHz and triggers an ADC1 conversion via hardware TRGO. DMA transfers each sample into a ping-pong buffer (2 x 1024 samples). On half-transfer and transfer-complete interrupts, a semaphore wakes the processing thread, which runs a 1024-point real FFT using CMSIS-DSP and sends the results over UART.
-- **Dedicated RX thread** - sleeps on a semaphore, wakes on data arrival
-- **Line accumulation** - buffers input until `\r` or `\n`
-- **Formatted output** - prints received line with length and uptime timestamp
-- **LED** - on PA5 configured via devicetree overlay (for testing)
 
-----
+```
+TIM6 (44.1 kHz) -> ADC1 conversion -> DMA -> ping-pong buffer
+                                                |
+                                          DMA half/full IRQ
+                                                |
+                                          proc_thread wakes
+                                                |
+                                     FFT + RMS + peak detect
+                                                |
+                                          UART output
+```
 
-## Getting Started
+The CPU spends about 0% of its time on processing (verified with Zephyr's thread analyzer). 98% idle. The Cortex-M4F at 170 MHz handles a 1024-point float FFT in well under a millisecond.
 
-### Prerequisites
+---
 
-- [Zephyr SDK](https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/develop/getting_started/index.html) installed
+## Project Structure
-- `west` installed and workspace initialized
 
-### Build & Flash
+```
+audio_analysis/
+├── src/
+│   ├── main.c                  # thread setup, init sequence
+│   ├── audio_capture.c/.h      # TIM6 + ADC1 + DMA (STM32 LL)
+│   ├── audio_process.c/.h      # CMSIS-DSP FFT, RMS, peak detection
+│   └── audio_output.c/.h       # UART formatting (summary, CSV, raw)
+├── boards/
+│   └── nucleo_g474re.overlay   # ADC channel + TIM6 devicetree config
+├── prj.conf                    # Kconfig
+├── plotter.py                  # Python live plotter (matplotlib + pyserial)
+└── serial_debug.py             # Quick serial diagnostic tool
+```
+
+---
+
+## Build and Flash
 
 ```bash
-west build          # board is set in CMakeLists.txt
+west build -p
 west flash
-
-(optionally)
-west debug
 ```
 
-### Serial Monitor
+Board is set in CMakeLists.txt so no `-b` needed.
 
-Connect a terminal to the ST-Link Virtual COM Port at a baud rate of **115200**:
+## Serial Monitor
 
-Personally, I just use PuTTY!
+Open a terminal on the ST-Link VCP at 115200 baud. Output looks like:
-
-Type a line and press Enter:
 
 ```
-─────────────────────────────
+RAW:2048,2100,2200,...
-│ RX: hello
+FFT:0.12,0.45,3.21,...
-│ Len: 5,   Time: 6741
+RMS: 0.3412 | Peak: 1000.0 Hz (bin 23)
-─────────────────────────────
+Min: -0.8123 | Max: 0.7945
 ```
 
+With the thread analyzer, the output looks like:
+
+```
+Thread analyze:
+ 0x20000150          : STACK: unused 3608 usage 488 / 4096 (11 %); CPU: 0 %
+                     : Total CPU cycles used: 200757869
+ thread_analyzer     : STACK: unused 512 usage 512 / 1024 (50 %); CPU: 1 %
+                     : Total CPU cycles used: 1373467186
+ sysworkq            : STACK: unused 808 usage 216 / 1024 (21 %); CPU: 0 %
+                     : Total CPU cycles used: 1446
+ idle                : STACK: unused 320 usage 64 / 384 (16 %); CPU: 98 %
+                     : Total CPU cycles used: 129000604158
+ ISR0                : STACK: unused 1832 usage 216 / 2048 (10 %)
+```
+
+Very useful for seeing how my threads are behaving, if I am over allocating stack sizing, or bottlenecks.
+
+## Python Plotter
+
+```bash
+pip install pyserial matplotlib numpy PyQt5
+python plotter.py COM5
+```
+
+Shows a live time-domain waveform and frequency spectrum. Data is decimated (every 4th raw sample, first 128 FFT bins) to fit within UART bandwidth at 115200 baud.
+
+---
+
+## What I Learned
+
+**Devicetree and Kconfig** - Devicetree describes what hardware exists (ADC channel on PA0, TIM6 as a basic timer). Kconfig enables software features (CMSIS-DSP, FPU, thread analyzer). They answer different questions and you need both.
+
+**Where Zephyr stops and HAL starts** - Zephyr's ADC API doesn't expose hardware timer triggering. For the TIM6 -> ADC1 trigger routing and DMA setup, I had to use STM32 LL functions directly. The devicetree still handles clock enablement and pin configuration, but the actual peripheral interconnection is done in C with register-level calls.
+
+**DMA ping-pong buffering** - One contiguous buffer, DMA in circular mode, half-transfer and transfer-complete interrupts. While one half fills, the CPU processes the other. No memcpy, just pointer swapping.
+
+**CMSIS-DSP on Cortex-M4F** - arm_rfft_fast_f32 is fast. The FPU matters. Needed to enable specific Kconfig modules (TRANSFORM, COMPLEXMATH, STATISTICS) for each function family used.
+
+**UART is the bottleneck** - At 115200 baud you can push maybe 11 KB/s. Sending 1024 raw samples as ASCII text takes longer than the 500ms between frames. Had to decimate the output and move serial reading to a background thread in Python.
+
+**Thread analyzer** - Adding a few Kconfig lines gives you per-thread CPU% and stack usage. My processing thread uses 11% of its stack and rounds to 0% CPU. The idle thread runs 98% of the time. Good to know before adding more features.
+
+**Timing** - One sample period is 22.7 us (the ADC/DAC tick). One buffer of 1024 samples is 23.2 ms (the processing deadline). Easy to confuse. The per-sample timing is pure hardware. The CPU only needs to keep up at the buffer level.
+
 ---
 
 ## License

boards/nucleo_g474re.overlay

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   leds {
     compatible = "gpio-leds";
     ld2: led_0 {
-      gpios = <&gpioa 5 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>; /* LD2 -> PA5 */
+      gpios = <&gpioa 5 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>; // LD2 -> PA5
       label = "LD2";
     };
   };
@@ -20,4 +20,50 @@
 
 &gpioc {
   status = "okay";
+};
+
+/* ── Audio ADC ─────────────────────────────────────────
+ *
+ * ADC1 is already enabled by the board DTS with:
+ *   - pinctrl on PA0 (ADC1_IN1) — Arduino header A0
+ *   - SYNC clock, prescaler /4 → 42.5 MHz ADC clock
+ *
+ * We just add the channel config here.
+ *
+ * Conversion time = (641 + 12.5) / 42.5 MHz = 15.4 µs
+ * Max sample rate ≈ 65 kHz — plenty for 44.1 kHz
+ * Actual 44.1 kHz rate is set by a timer in code.
+ */
+&adc1 {
+  #address-cells = <1>;
+  #size-cells = <0>;
+
+  channel@1 {
+    reg = <1>; // IN1 = PA0
+    zephyr,gain = "ADC_GAIN_1";
+    zephyr,reference = "ADC_REF_INTERNAL";
+    zephyr,acquisition-time = <ADC_ACQ_TIME(ADC_ACQ_TIME_TICKS, 641)>;
+    zephyr,resolution = <12>;
+  };
+};
+
+/* ── TIM6 — ADC sample clock ─────────────────────────
+ *
+ * Basic timer, no PWM/capture — just counting.
+ * TRGO output triggers ADC1 conversions.
+ *
+ * Timer clock = 170 MHz (APB1, no prescaler)
+ * ARR = (170,000,000 / 44,100) - 1 = 3854
+ * Actual rate = 170,000,000 / 3855 = ~44,099 Hz
+ *
+ * Trigger routing (TIM6_TRGO → ADC1) is done in code
+ * via STM32 LL/HAL — devicetree just enables the clock.
+ */
+&timers6 {
+  status = "okay";
+  st,prescaler = <0>;
+
+  counter {
+    status = "okay";
+  };
 };

plotter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""
+Live serial plotter for audio_analysis firmware.
+
+Reads prefixed lines from UART:
+  RAW:s0,s1,s2,...   → time-domain waveform (decimated by 4)
+  FFT:m0,m1,m2,...   → frequency-domain spectrum (first 128 bins)
+
+Usage:
+  python plotter.py COM5          # Windows
+  python plotter.py /dev/ttyACM0  # Linux
+
+Requirements:
+  pip install pyserial matplotlib numpy PyQt5
+"""
+
+import sys
+import threading
+import matplotlib
+matplotlib.use("Qt5Agg")
+import serial
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
+
+# ── Config ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+BAUD = 115200
+SAMPLE_RATE = 44100
+BUF_SIZE = 1024
+DECIMATION = 4
+DISPLAY_SAMPLES = BUF_SIZE // DECIMATION  # 256
+DISPLAY_BINS = 128
+
+# ── Serial setup ────────────────────────────────────
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+    print(f"Usage: python {sys.argv[0]} <COM_PORT>")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+port = sys.argv[1]
+ser = serial.Serial(port, BAUD, timeout=0.1)
+
+# ── Plot setup ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+fig, (ax_time, ax_freq) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 6))
+fig.suptitle("Audio Analysis — Live")
+
+# Time domain (decimated)
+time_x = np.arange(DISPLAY_SAMPLES) * DECIMATION / SAMPLE_RATE * 1000  # ms
+time_line, = ax_time.plot(time_x, np.zeros(DISPLAY_SAMPLES), color="cyan")
+ax_time.set_xlim(0, time_x[-1])
+ax_time.set_ylim(-1.1, 1.1)
+ax_time.set_xlabel("Time (ms)")
+ax_time.set_ylabel("Amplitude")
+ax_time.set_title("Waveform")
+ax_time.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+# Frequency domain (first DISPLAY_BINS bins)
+freq_x = np.arange(DISPLAY_BINS) * SAMPLE_RATE / BUF_SIZE  # Hz
+freq_line, = ax_freq.plot(freq_x, np.zeros(DISPLAY_BINS), color="orange")
+ax_freq.set_xlim(0, freq_x[-1])
+ax_freq.set_ylim(0, 1)
+ax_freq.set_xlabel("Frequency (Hz)")
+ax_freq.set_ylabel("Magnitude")
+ax_freq.set_title("Spectrum")
+ax_freq.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+plt.tight_layout()
+
+# ── Thread-safe data storage ───────────────────────
+
+lock = threading.Lock()
+raw_data = np.zeros(DISPLAY_SAMPLES)
+fft_data = np.zeros(DISPLAY_BINS)
+
+# ── Background serial reader thread ───────────────
+
+def serial_reader():
+    global raw_data, fft_data
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            raw_line = ser.readline()
+            if not raw_line:
+                continue
+            line = raw_line.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore").strip()
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+
+        if line.startswith("RAW:"):
+            try:
+                values = line[4:].split(",")
+                samples = np.array([int(v) for v in values if v],
+                                   dtype=np.float32)
+                normalized = (samples - 2048.0) / 2048.0
+                with lock:
+                    raw_data = normalized[:DISPLAY_SAMPLES]
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                pass
+
+        elif line.startswith("FFT:"):
+            try:
+                values = line[4:].split(",")
+                mags = np.array([float(v) for v in values if v])
+                with lock:
+                    fft_data = mags[:DISPLAY_BINS]
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                pass
+
+reader_thread = threading.Thread(target=serial_reader, daemon=True)
+reader_thread.start()
+
+# ── Animation update ────────────────────────────────
+
+def update(frame):
+    with lock:
+        rd = raw_data.copy()
+        fd = fft_data.copy()
+
+    time_line.set_ydata(rd)
+
+    freq_line.set_ydata(fd)
+    peak = np.max(fd)
+    if peak > 0:
+        ax_freq.set_ylim(0, peak * 1.2)
+
+    return time_line, freq_line
+
+ani = FuncAnimation(fig, update, interval=100, blit=False, cache_frame_data=False)
+
+plt.show()
+ser.close()

prj.conf

@@ -3,6 +3,22 @@ CONFIG_GPIO=y
 CONFIG_SERIAL=y
 CONFIG_CONSOLE=y
 CONFIG_UART_CONSOLE=y
+CONFIG_PRINTK=y
 CONFIG_UART_INTERRUPT_DRIVEN=y
+
 CONFIG_RING_BUFFER=y
-CONFIG_PRINTK=y
+
+CONFIG_ADC=y
+CONFIG_ADC_ASYNC=y
+
+CONFIG_CMSIS_DSP=y
+CONFIG_CMSIS_DSP_TRANSFORM=y
+CONFIG_CMSIS_DSP_COMPLEXMATH=y
+CONFIG_CMSIS_DSP_STATISTICS=y
+CONFIG_FPU=y
+
+CONFIG_THREAD_ANALYZER=y
+CONFIG_THREAD_ANALYZER_USE_PRINTK=y
+CONFIG_THREAD_ANALYZER_AUTO=y
+CONFIG_THREAD_ANALYZER_AUTO_INTERVAL=5
+CONFIG_THREAD_NAME=y

serial_debug.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""Quick diagnostic — just print what comes over serial."""
+import sys
+import serial
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+    print(f"Usage: python {sys.argv[0]} <COM_PORT>")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+ser = serial.Serial(sys.argv[1], 115200, timeout=2)
+print(f"Listening on {sys.argv[1]}...")
+
+while True:
+    raw = ser.readline()
+    if raw:
+        line = raw.decode("utf-8", errors="replace").strip()
+        prefix = line[:20] if len(line) > 20 else line
+        print(f"[{len(line):5d} chars] {prefix}...")
+    else:
+        print("(timeout — no data)")

src/audio_capture.c

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#include "audio_capture.h"
+
+#include <zephyr/kernel.h>
+#include <zephyr/drivers/adc.h>
+#include <zephyr/irq.h>
+
+#include <stm32g4xx_ll_adc.h>
+#include <stm32g4xx_ll_bus.h>
+#include <stm32g4xx_ll_dma.h>
+#include <stm32g4xx_ll_dmamux.h>
+#include <stm32g4xx_ll_tim.h>
+
+/* ── Ping-pong DMA buffer ──────────────────────────────
+ *
+ * DMA transfers into one contiguous buffer of 2 * AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES.
+ * Half-transfer IRQ → first half ready  (buf_a)
+ * Transfer-complete IRQ → second half ready (buf_b)
+ *
+ * While one half is being filled by DMA, the processing
+ * thread works on the other half.
+ */
+static int16_t dma_buf[2 * AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES];
+
+// Semaphore: DMA ISR gives, processing thread takes
+static K_SEM_DEFINE(buf_ready_sem, 0, 1);
+
+// Points to whichever half just finished filling
+static volatile int16_t *ready_buf;
+
+// ── DMA1 Channel 1 ISR ──────────────────────────────────
+
+static void dma1_ch1_isr(const void *arg)
+{
+	ARG_UNUSED(arg);
+
+	if (LL_DMA_IsActiveFlag_HT1(DMA1)) {
+		LL_DMA_ClearFlag_HT1(DMA1);
+		ready_buf = &dma_buf[0];
+		k_sem_give(&buf_ready_sem);
+	}
+
+	if (LL_DMA_IsActiveFlag_TC1(DMA1)) {
+		LL_DMA_ClearFlag_TC1(DMA1);
+		ready_buf = &dma_buf[AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES];
+		k_sem_give(&buf_ready_sem);
+	}
+}
+
+// ── DMA setup: DMA1 Ch1 ← ADC1 ───────────────────────
+
+static void dma_init(void)
+{
+	LL_AHB1_GRP1_EnableClock(LL_AHB1_GRP1_PERIPH_DMA1);
+	LL_AHB1_GRP1_EnableClock(LL_AHB1_GRP1_PERIPH_DMAMUX1);
+
+	LL_DMA_DisableChannel(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetPeriphRequest(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1, LL_DMAMUX_REQ_ADC1);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetDataTransferDirection(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+					LL_DMA_DIRECTION_PERIPH_TO_MEMORY);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetMode(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1, LL_DMA_MODE_CIRCULAR);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetPeriphIncMode(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+				LL_DMA_PERIPH_NOINCREMENT);
+	LL_DMA_SetMemoryIncMode(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+				LL_DMA_MEMORY_INCREMENT);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetPeriphSize(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+			     LL_DMA_PDATAALIGN_HALFWORD);
+	LL_DMA_SetMemorySize(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+			     LL_DMA_MDATAALIGN_HALFWORD);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetDataLength(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+			     2 * AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES);
+
+	LL_DMA_SetPeriphAddress(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+				(uint32_t)&ADC1->DR);
+	LL_DMA_SetMemoryAddress(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1,
+				(uint32_t)dma_buf);
+
+	// Enable half-transfer and transfer-complete interrupts
+	LL_DMA_EnableIT_HT(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1);
+	LL_DMA_EnableIT_TC(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1);
+
+	// Connect our ISR — DMA1_Channel1_IRQn = 11 on STM32G4
+	IRQ_CONNECT(DMA1_Channel1_IRQn, 2, dma1_ch1_isr, NULL, 0);
+	irq_enable(DMA1_Channel1_IRQn);
+
+	LL_DMA_EnableChannel(DMA1, LL_DMA_CHANNEL_1);
+}
+
+// ── ADC1 setup: external trigger from TIM6 + DMA ─────
+
+static void adc_hw_init(void)
+{
+	LL_AHB2_GRP1_EnableClock(LL_AHB2_GRP1_PERIPH_ADC12);
+
+	// Wait for ADC voltage regulator startup
+	LL_ADC_EnableInternalRegulator(ADC1);
+	k_busy_wait(20);  // RM says max 10 µs
+
+	// Calibrate (single-ended)
+	LL_ADC_StartCalibration(ADC1, LL_ADC_SINGLE_ENDED);
+	while (LL_ADC_IsCalibrationOnGoing(ADC1)) {
+	}
+
+	// Single channel: IN1 (PA0), longest sample time
+	LL_ADC_REG_SetSequencerLength(ADC1, LL_ADC_REG_SEQ_SCAN_DISABLE);
+	LL_ADC_REG_SetSequencerRanks(ADC1, LL_ADC_REG_RANK_1,
+				     LL_ADC_CHANNEL_1);
+	LL_ADC_SetChannelSamplingTime(ADC1, LL_ADC_CHANNEL_1,
+				      LL_ADC_SAMPLINGTIME_640CYCLES_5);
+	LL_ADC_SetChannelSingleDiff(ADC1, LL_ADC_CHANNEL_1,
+				    LL_ADC_SINGLE_ENDED);
+
+	// 12-bit resolution, right-aligned
+	LL_ADC_SetResolution(ADC1, LL_ADC_RESOLUTION_12B);
+
+	// External trigger: TIM6 TRGO, rising edge
+	LL_ADC_REG_SetTriggerSource(ADC1, LL_ADC_REG_TRIG_EXT_TIM6_TRGO);
+
+	// DMA circular mode — ADC issues DMA request after each conversion
+	LL_ADC_REG_SetDMATransfer(ADC1, LL_ADC_REG_DMA_TRANSFER_UNLIMITED);
+
+	// Enable and start
+	LL_ADC_Enable(ADC1);
+	while (!LL_ADC_IsActiveFlag_ADRDY(ADC1)) {
+	}
+
+	// Start ADC — it will wait for TIM6 triggers
+	LL_ADC_REG_StartConversion(ADC1);
+}
+
+// ── TIM6 setup: TRGO at 44.1 kHz ─────────────────────
+
+static void tim6_init(void)
+{
+	LL_APB1_GRP1_EnableClock(LL_APB1_GRP1_PERIPH_TIM6);
+
+	LL_TIM_SetPrescaler(TIM6, 0);
+	LL_TIM_SetAutoReload(TIM6, TIM6_ARR);
+	LL_TIM_SetUpdateSource(TIM6, LL_TIM_UPDATESOURCE_COUNTER);
+	LL_TIM_SetTriggerOutput(TIM6, LL_TIM_TRGO_UPDATE);
+}
+
+// ── Public API ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+int audio_capture_init(void)
+{
+	dma_init();
+	adc_hw_init();
+	tim6_init();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void audio_capture_start(void)
+{
+	LL_TIM_EnableCounter(TIM6);
+}
+
+void audio_capture_stop(void)
+{
+	LL_TIM_DisableCounter(TIM6);
+}
+
+int16_t *audio_capture_wait(void)
+{
+	k_sem_take(&buf_ready_sem, K_FOREVER);
+	return (int16_t *)ready_buf;
+}

src/audio_capture.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#ifndef AUDIO_CAPTURE_H
+#define AUDIO_CAPTURE_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// ── Configuration ────────────────────────────────────
+
+#define SAMPLE_RATE     44100
+#define TIMER_CLOCK     170000000
+#define TIM6_ARR        ((TIMER_CLOCK / SAMPLE_RATE) - 1)  // 3854
+
+/*
+ * Buffer size in samples.
+ * 1024 samples @ 44.1 kHz ≈ 23.2 ms per half-buffer.
+ * Must be power of 2 for FFT later.
+ */
+#define AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES  1024
+
+// ── API ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/*
+ * Initialize TIM6, ADC1, and DMA for continuous capture.
+ * Returns 0 on success.
+ */
+int audio_capture_init(void);
+
+// Start TIM6 — ADC conversions begin flowing via DMA.
+void audio_capture_start(void);
+
+// Stop TIM6.
+void audio_capture_stop(void);
+
+/*
+ * Block until a full buffer is ready.
+ * Returns pointer to AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES worth of 16-bit samples.
+ * The pointer alternates between two internal ping-pong buffers.
+ */
+int16_t *audio_capture_wait(void);
+
+#endif

src/audio_output.c

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#include "audio_output.h"
+
+#include <zephyr/kernel.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void audio_output_summary(const struct audio_result *r)
+{
+  printk("RMS: %.4f | Peak: %.1f Hz (bin %u)\n",
+         (double)r->rms,
+         (double)r->peak_freq_hz,
+         r->peak_bin);
+  printk("Min: %.4f | Max: %.4f\n", (double)r->min, (double)r->max);
+}
+
+void audio_output_csv(const struct audio_result *r, int num_bins)
+{
+  if (num_bins > FFT_NUM_BINS)
+  {
+    num_bins = FFT_NUM_BINS;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_bins; i++)
+  {
+    if (i > 0)
+    {
+      printk(",");
+    }
+    printk("%.2f", (double)r->magnitude[i]);
+  }
+  printk("\n");
+}
+
+void audio_output_raw(const int16_t *samples, int count)
+{
+  printk("RAW:");
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+  {
+    if (i > 0)
+    {
+      printk(",");
+    }
+    printk("%d", samples[i]);
+  }
+  printk("\n");
+}
+
+void audio_output_raw_decimated(const int16_t *samples, int count, int step)
+{
+  printk("RAW:");
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; i += step)
+  {
+    if (i > 0)
+    {
+      printk(",");
+    }
+    printk("%d", samples[i]);
+  }
+  printk("\n");
+}

src/audio_output.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef AUDIO_OUTPUT_H
+#define AUDIO_OUTPUT_H
+
+#include "audio_process.h"
+
+// Print a few key stats over UART (RMS, peak freq, peak magnitude).
+void audio_output_summary(const struct audio_result *r);
+
+/*
+ * Print CSV line of bin magnitudes for external graphing.
+ * Format: "mag0,mag1,mag2,...\n"
+ */
+void audio_output_csv(const struct audio_result *r, int num_bins);
+
+/*
+ * Print raw ADC samples as CSV for time-domain plotting.
+ * Format: "RAW:s0,s1,s2,...\n"
+ * Prefix lets Python distinguish from other output.
+ */
+void audio_output_raw(const int16_t *samples, int count);
+
+/*
+ * Print every Nth raw sample. Reduces UART bandwidth.
+ * Format: "RAW:s0,sN,s2N,...\n"
+ */
+void audio_output_raw_decimated(const int16_t *samples, int count, int step);
+
+#endif

src/audio_process.c

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#include "audio_process.h"
+
+#include <arm_math.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+// CMSIS-DSP real FFT instance
+static arm_rfft_fast_instance_f32 fft_inst;
+
+// Working buffers
+static float fft_input[AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES];
+static float fft_output[AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES];
+
+int audio_process_init(void)
+{
+  arm_status status = arm_rfft_fast_init_f32(&fft_inst,
+                                             AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES);
+  return (status == ARM_MATH_SUCCESS) ? 0 : -1;
+}
+
+void audio_process_run(const int16_t *samples, struct audio_result *out)
+{
+  // Convert 12-bit ADC values (0–4095) to float centered around 0
+  float temp;
+  out->min = 1.0f;
+  out->max = -1.0f;
+  for (int i = 0; i < AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES; i++)
+  {
+    temp = ((float)samples[i] - 2048.0f) / 2048.0f;
+    fft_input[i] = temp;
+
+    if (temp < out->min)
+      out->min = temp;
+    else if (temp > out->max)
+      out->max = temp;
+  }
+
+  // RMS of the time-domain signal
+  arm_rms_f32(fft_input, AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES, &out->rms);
+
+  // Real FFT
+  arm_rfft_fast_f32(&fft_inst, fft_input, fft_output, 0);
+
+  // Compute magnitude of each complex bin.
+  // fft_output layout: [re0, re_nyquist, re1, im1, re2, im2, ...]
+  // Bin 0 (DC) and bin N/2 (Nyquist) are real-only.
+  out->magnitude[0] = fabsf(fft_output[0]);
+
+  // Bins 1..N/2-1 are complex pairs
+  arm_cmplx_mag_f32(&fft_output[2], &out->magnitude[1],
+                    FFT_NUM_BINS - 1);
+
+  // Find the peak bin (skip bin 0 = DC)
+  float peak_val = 0.0f;
+  uint32_t peak_idx = 1;
+
+  arm_max_f32(&out->magnitude[1], FFT_NUM_BINS - 1, &peak_val,
+              &peak_idx);
+  peak_idx += 1; // offset because we started at bin 1
+
+  out->peak_bin = peak_idx;
+  out->peak_freq_hz = (float)peak_idx * SAMPLE_RATE / AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES;
+}

src/audio_process.h

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef AUDIO_PROCESS_H
+#define AUDIO_PROCESS_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "audio_capture.h"
+
+// Number of FFT output bins (half of input size, real-valued)
+#define FFT_NUM_BINS (AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES / 2)
+
+/* Processed result from one buffer */
+struct audio_result
+{
+  float magnitude[FFT_NUM_BINS]; // FFT bin magnitudes
+  float rms;                     // RMS level (0.0 – 1.0)
+  uint32_t peak_bin;             // Index of loudest bin
+  float peak_freq_hz;            // Frequency of loudest bin
+  float max;
+  float min;
+};
+
+// One-time init (FFT instance). Returns 0 on success.
+int audio_process_init(void);
+
+/*
+ * Run FFT + analysis on a buffer of raw ADC samples.
+ * Writes results into *out.
+ */
+void audio_process_run(const int16_t *samples, struct audio_result *out);
+
+#endif

src/main.c

@@ -1,130 +1,79 @@
 #include <zephyr/kernel.h>
-#include <zephyr/device.h>
-#include <zephyr/devicetree.h>
-#include <zephyr/drivers/uart.h>
-#include <zephyr/drivers/gpio.h>
-#include <zephyr/sys/ring_buffer.h>
 
-#include <string.h>
+#include "audio_capture.h"
+#include "audio_process.h"
+#include "audio_output.h"
 
-#define LED_NODE DT_ALIAS(led0)
+// ── Processing thread ───────────────────────────────
 
-#define UART_DEVICE_NODE DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_shell_uart)
+#define PROC_STACK_SIZE 4096
+#define PROC_PRIORITY 5
 
-#define RX_BUF_SIZE 256
+static struct k_thread proc_thread_data;
-#define LINE_BUF_SIZE 128
+static K_THREAD_STACK_DEFINE(proc_stack, PROC_STACK_SIZE);
-#define THREAD_STACK 1024
-#define THREAD_PRIO 5
 
-// Ring buffer: callback writes, thread reads (could probably be a msg_queue too)
+static struct audio_result result;
-RING_BUF_DECLARE(rx_buf, RX_BUF_SIZE);
 
-// Semaphore to wake the thread (name, initial count, max count)
+static void proc_thread(void *p1, void *p2, void *p3)
-K_SEM_DEFINE(rx_sem, 0, 1);
-
-K_THREAD_STACK_DEFINE(rx_stack, THREAD_STACK);
-static struct k_thread rx_thread_data;
-
-static const struct gpio_dt_spec led = GPIO_DT_SPEC_GET(LED_NODE, gpios);
-static const struct device *uart = DEVICE_DT_GET(DT_NODELABEL(lpuart1));
-
-void uart_print(const char buffer[]);
-void uart_println(const char buffer[]);
-void uart_cb(const struct device *dev, void *user_data);
-static void rx_thread(void *p1, void *p2, void *p3);
-
-int main(void)
 {
-  if (!device_is_ready(uart))
+  ARG_UNUSED(p1);
-  {
+  ARG_UNUSED(p2);
-    printk("UART not ready\n");
+  ARG_UNUSED(p3);
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  // Set up interrupt-driven RX
-  uart_irq_callback_set(uart, uart_cb);
-  uart_irq_rx_enable(uart);
-
-  // Spawn the processing thread
-  k_thread_create(&rx_thread_data, rx_stack,
-                  THREAD_STACK,
-                  rx_thread, NULL, NULL, NULL,
-                  THREAD_PRIO, 0, K_NO_WAIT);
-
-  printk("UART ready — type something!\r\n");
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-// ============= Helpers =============
-
-void uart_print(const char buffer[])
-{
-  size_t len = strlen(buffer);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
-    uart_poll_out(uart, buffer[i]);
-}
-
-void uart_println(const char buffer[])
-{
-  uart_print(buffer);
-  uart_poll_out(uart, '\r');
-  uart_poll_out(uart, '\n');
-}
-
-// ============= Callbacks =============
-void uart_cb(const struct device *dev, void *user_data)
-{
-  uint8_t byte;
-  while (uart_irq_update(dev) && uart_irq_rx_ready(dev))
-  {
-    if (uart_fifo_read(dev, &byte, 1) == 1)
-    {
-      ring_buf_put(&rx_buf, &byte, 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // wake up thread
-  k_sem_give(&rx_sem);
-}
-
-// ============= Threads =============
-static void rx_thread(void *p1, void *p2, void *p3)
-{
-  char line[LINE_BUF_SIZE];
-  size_t pos = 0;
 
   while (1)
   {
-    k_sem_take(&rx_sem, K_FOREVER);
+    // Block until DMA has a full buffer
+    int16_t *buf = audio_capture_wait();
 
-    uint8_t byte;
+    // Run FFT + analysis
-    while (ring_buf_get(&rx_buf, &byte, 1) == 1)
+    audio_process_run(buf, &result);
-    {
 
-      // Echo the character back
+    // Send every 4th raw sample (256 values instead of 1024)
-      uart_poll_out(uart, byte);
+    // audio_output_raw_decimated(buf, AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES, 4);
 
-      if (byte == '\r' || byte == '\n')
+    // Send first 128 FFT bins (0–5.5 kHz, most useful range)
-      {
+    // printk("FFT:");
-        if (pos > 0)
+    // audio_output_csv(&result, 128);
-        {
-          line[pos] = '\0';
 
-          printk("\r\n");
+    // Send summary stats
-          printk("─────────────────────────────\r\n");
+    // audio_output_summary(&result);
-          printk("│ RX: %-24s \r\n", line);
-          printk("│ Len: %-3d, Time: %-10u \r\n",
-                 pos, k_uptime_get_32());
-          printk("─────────────────────────────\r\n");
 
-          pos = 0;
+    // ~2 updates/sec so UART can keep up
-        }
+    k_msleep(500);
-      }
-      else if (pos < LINE_BUF_SIZE - 1)
-      {
-        line[pos++] = byte;
-      }
-    }
   }
 }
+
+// ── Main ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+int main(void)
+{
+  printk("Audio analysis starting...\n");
+
+  int ret = audio_process_init();
+  if (ret)
+  {
+    printk("FFT init failed: %d\n", ret);
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  ret = audio_capture_init();
+  if (ret)
+  {
+    printk("Capture init failed: %d\n", ret);
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // Spawn the processing thread
+  k_thread_create(&proc_thread_data, proc_stack,
+                  PROC_STACK_SIZE,
+                  proc_thread, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                  PROC_PRIORITY, 0, K_NO_WAIT);
+
+  // Start sampling — TIM6 begins, DMA fills buffers
+  audio_capture_start();
+
+  printk("Capture running at ~%d Hz, %d samples/buffer\n",
+         SAMPLE_RATE, AUDIO_BUF_SAMPLES);
+
+  return 0;
+}